Telnet/SSH and the command line/zh cn

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==SSH 端口转发== ==SSH 端口转发==
-SSH port forwarding is the ability to create encrypted tunnels to pass traffic through, sort of like a VPN. Below we will discuss two different approaches to SSH port forwarding; Local, and Remote+SSH 端口转发可以建立一个加密的通道传输数据, 有点像 VPN. 接下来介绍两种不同的端口转发方式:本地和远程。
===本地端口转发=== ===本地端口转发===
-A real world example:+实例:
-Suppose you have enabled remote SSH management on your router so that you can access it from anywhere on the internet. You wisely left remote HTTP and HTTPS management disabled (HTTP because it's insecure over the internet, HTTPS because it's resource intensive) but now you can't connect directly to the Web Interface of your router... or so you thought ;)+假设开启了路由器的SSH管理功能,以便可以从internet的任何地方访问. 你英明的关闭了远程http和https管理功能(http不安全,https费资源)但现在你不能直接联接到路由器的web界面...起码你这么想;)
-This is where SSH port forwarding comes in. It makes it possible to have secure communication to the router's Web Interface which is really only listening for connections on the LAN interface.+现在该SSH端口转发出场了.它能以安全的方式访问路由的web界面,而该界面却只接受来自局域网的访问。
Open up your SSH client and set up a Local port forward to destination localhost:80. Once the SSH connection is up, now you connect to your own machine's source port eg. <nowiki>http://localhost</nowiki>''':81'''* and it creates a secure tunnel to the Web Interface of the router. No more worries about someone spying on your router's traffic and/or password! Open up your SSH client and set up a Local port forward to destination localhost:80. Once the SSH connection is up, now you connect to your own machine's source port eg. <nowiki>http://localhost</nowiki>''':81'''* and it creates a secure tunnel to the Web Interface of the router. No more worries about someone spying on your router's traffic and/or password!

Revision as of 14:42, 23 October 2010

你的位置: DD-WRT维基主页 / 脚本 / SSH/Telnet & The CLI

Contents

使用Telnet

  1. 运行你喜爱的TELNET客户端工具(在Windows操作系统中你需要【开始】->【运行】然后输入telnet+空格+路由器的IP地址,然后回车即可). Windows vista/7 需要安装
  2. 链接到<路由器的内网IP地址Router_LAN_IP> 例如 192.168.1.1

在命令行中输入像下面一样:

telnet 192.168.1.1
  1. 当要求输入登陆用户名时输入 root (前提是你尚未在管理界面修改过路由器的登陆用户名)
  2. 当出现要求输入密码时输入你设置的路由器的密码(默认密码为"admin")


SSH

概述

SSH, 是 Secure Shell 的简称 ,是一个加密协议和程序可用来替代telnet。能用来建立安全的通道,类似虚拟专用网VPN, 也可用做and for use as a network file system (Sshfs). 默认设置,ssh工作使用22号端口.

SSH operates just as telnet with a user/password combination or on a Public/Private key infastructure. For the latter to work, a small public key is given to the server and the server gives your client its public key. Your client encrypts information to the server using the servers public key and the server encrypts information sent to you using your public key. Private keys are never exchanged, and are used to decrypt the information encrypted with the associated public key.

The DD-WRT firmware can use user/pass logon or only allows connections from clients whose public keys are manually entered via the web interface. Multiple keys can be entered by placing them on separate lines.
如果想通过用户名密码使用SSH,可通过web界面设置密码,用户名是“root”。

Actually you can manually set (via telnet or ssh) the sshd_authorized_keys nvram variable. ie nvram set sshd_authorized_keys=key1 key2 key3 etc

You can also manually edit /tmp/root/.ssh/authorized_keys and add keys (although these will disappear on a reboot unless you have a startup script altering them).

It is worth pointing out ssh keys are quite long strings of characters so if you paste them in you have to be careful that you don't get any line breaks (ie it is one Long continuous line). or they will not work.

设置

公共密钥方法

Public key authentication is one of the most secure methods of logging into SSH. It functions similar to HTTPS, as all transmissions are encrypted with a key that only the client and server will have. Another plus...if you use this method instead of password authentication, no one will be able to crack away at your router trying to guess the password!

To enable it, first you should generate a Public/Private key pair on your desktop machine. This can be done through the "Puttygen" utility if you're using either Putty or WinSCP as clients. Copy the public key to the clipboard and save the private key somewhere on your computer. There is no need to save the public key. If you forget it, you can instruct Puttygen to open your private key file rather than generating a new key pair and it will tell you your public key. Users of non-windows environments may use the ssh-keygen(1) utility:

user@machine:~> ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/user/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
68:1c:50:0e:76:c1:d0:c7:9e:5e:5a:65:78:20:5c:fb user@machine.example.com

It is recommended that you don't secure your key pair with a password, as this will make things easier for you, although somewhat less secure.

  1. Using the Web Interface, go to the Administration tab. (in v24 use Services tab)
  2. Under the Services sub-tab, Enable SSHd in the Secure Shell section. If new options don't appear, Save Settings
  3. Paste your public key in the authorized key of the SSHD section that has now expanded. You will need to generate this on your desktop if you don't have one yet.
  4. Save and Apply Settings

NOTE: The format of the public key when pasted has to be "ssh-rsa", space, key, space, comment. Here is an example: (please note that there should be no line feed at the end)

 ssh-rsa AAAAB4NfaC3yc5AAAPEAqvM ... NC+j4jZfYmBTi7Q== user@machine.example.com

Alternate method:

Connect with ssh (login/password :0)
root@wrt54g:~# nvram set sshd_authorized_keys='
---- BEGIN SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----
Comment: "rsa-key-20080321"
ssh-rsa   AAAAB4NfaC3yc5AAAPEAqvM ... NC+j4jZfYmBTi7Q==
---- END SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----
'
root@wrt54g:~# nvram commit
root@wrt54g:~# reboot

Remember to enter your key as an entire characters line (no space, tab...)


In Putty, you can enable key authentication by opening the SSH authentication configuration (Connection -> SSH -> Auth) and entering or browsing to your private key file. Also make sure your auto-login username is root (in Connection -> Data).

密码登陆方法

If you don't want the hassle of generating ssh keys, you may use the password logon method. However, please be aware that this method is much less secure! (passwords may be truncated to 8 characters or less)

  1. Using the Web Interface, go to the Administration tab. (in v24 use Services tab)
  2. Under the Services sub-tab, Enable SSHd in the Secure Shell section. If new options don't appear, Save Settings
  3. Enable Password Login to enable the password login
  4. Save and Apply Settings

After this you may login as user "root" with the password you set for the webinterface

自动登陆(for shell scripts)

The Dropbear SSH client allows you to specify the password through an environment variable. This is useful when you need dd-wrt to auto-login to another host via SSH.

#the following requires dd-wrt v24 or later
DROPBEAR_PASSWORD='my password' ssh user@hostname

安全贴士

  • Choose a random, non-standard port number >1024, especially if you enabled SSH access from the Internet! Most attackers will use a port scanner that only scans for common open ports by default. Scanning all 65535 ports is much slower for them, which makes it more difficult to find an attack vector and also more likely to be flagged by an Intrusion Detection System.
  • Memorize, or record somewhere safe, your router's key fingerprint! In the process of logging into your router, if you see that the key fingerprint matches, you can rest assure noone is spying on your connection (i.e. via man-in-the-middle attack). If the key fingerprint does NOT match (your SSH client would likely notify you of this), something is wrong and you should consider terminating the connection immediately! (Note: the router's key fingerprint may change upon reset and/or upgrade, as it will likely generate a new key pair)
  • For even more added security when using the public key method, you can password protect your private key. This way, if someone malicious happens to get ahold of it, they will still not be able to log into your router without first cracking the password of the key. Otherwise, if the keys are unprotected, anyone who stumbles upon them could likely gain immediate root access to your router and network.

SSH Shell客户端

Provides a secure alternative to standard telnet.
Windows下一个好的客户端是 Putty
Configure the client to use the Private Key you saved earlier.
多数 Linux 发行版默认装有 telnet 和 SSH 客户端.

SSH 端口转发

SSH 端口转发可以建立一个加密的通道传输数据, 有点像 VPN. 接下来介绍两种不同的端口转发方式:本地和远程。

本地端口转发

实例:

假设开启了路由器的SSH管理功能,以便可以从internet的任何地方访问. 你英明的关闭了远程http和https管理功能(http不安全,https费资源)但现在你不能直接联接到路由器的web界面...起码你这么想;)

现在该SSH端口转发出场了.它能以安全的方式访问路由的web界面,而该界面却只接受来自局域网的访问。

Open up your SSH client and set up a Local port forward to destination localhost:80. Once the SSH connection is up, now you connect to your own machine's source port eg. http://localhost:81* and it creates a secure tunnel to the Web Interface of the router. No more worries about someone spying on your router's traffic and/or password!

  • 81 will be replaced with whatever port you have set for ssh locally on the router. For more information related to the tunnel setup see here:

Forum Discussion


需求
  • Remote SSH Management should be enabled, under Administration -> Management. (Note: For local forwards, this is only required if you're SSH'ing directly into the router from the WAN. Local forwards can be of many other uses as well, such as tunneling traffic between two LAN machines, or even over the Internet.)
设置

Setting up a local port forward is relatively straightforward when using the PuTTY utility under Windows. See Connections -> SSH -> Tunnels. Make sure your configuration includes parameters as illustrated above. Namely,

  • Source port (port # on your computer)
  • Destination IPAddress:Port (target machine and port #)
  • Type: Local

远程端口转发

This is useful to tunnel things like RDP (Remote Desktop) through an encrypted SSH tunnel over the internet. For example, you want to be able to access your work computer from home.

If you had:

HomePC <-> Router <-> Internet <-> Firewall <-> WorkPC

WorkPC, which is running RDP on port 3389, issues ssh -R 5555:localhost:3389 root@router.home

HomePC can use his RDP client to connect to port 5555 on the router and this would create an SSH tunnel which will connect HomePC to port 3389 on the WorkPC.

要求
  • DD-WRT v24 RC7+
  • SSHd and SSH TCP Forwarding must be enabled under Services -> Secure Shell
  • Remote SSH Management should be enabled as well, under Administration -> Management
设置

Setting up a remote port forward is relatively straightforward when using the PuTTY utility under Windows. See Connections -> SSH -> Tunnels. Make sure your configuration includes parameters as illustrated above. Namely,

  • Local and Remote ports should accept connections from other hosts
  • Source port (port # on the router, should be > 1024)
  • Destination IPAddress:Port
  • Type: Remote

SCP

Secure Copy (SCP) allows one to copy files to and from the router and a remote host--usually a desktop machine.
A good Windows client to use is WinSCP
Configure the client to use the Private Key you saved earlier, or use "root" and the webinterface password
Remember: only the /tmp and /jffs partitions are writable!

Drop Bear

DropBear is an SSH client/server installed by default on the WRT54G. DropBear allows one to connect from the WRT54G to a remote SSH server for scp, etc. I don't believe SSHD needs to be enabled through the Web Interface in order to use the client portion of DropBear.

If you have an SSH server on your desktop machine (such as OpenSSH) you pull files from your desktop machine using the scp command. This can be used to copy files from your desktop machine in a Startup Script

DD-WRT命令行

aka the DD-WRT Linux shell

This is an 'ash' shell. Ash is a version of sh, literally 'A SHell' (A command Interpreter)

基本语法

The Linux Command Shell (Ash) is not the same as the Windows/DOS command prompt.

/ (and not \) is used to separate directories in a path, just like the interweb.

In order to execute a command, the path for that command must be provided. This may either be a full path or a relative path.

Relative Path Operators

There are two relative path operators.

.        The current path
..       One directory above the current path

举例

1) If you are in the /jffs/usr/bin directory and wish to run the /jffs/usr/bin/noip command use:

/jffs/usr/bin # /jffs/usr/bin/noip

/jffs/usr/bin # ./noip


2) If you are in the /jffs/usr/bin directory and wish to run the /jffs/usr/kismet command use:

/jffs/usr/bin # /jffs/usr/kismet

/jffs/usr/bin # ../kismet

/jffs/usr/bin # cd ..
/jffs/usr # ./kismet


3) Relative paths can also be used as arguments. If you installed the noip package, you'd notice that the command is installed as /jffs/usr/bin/noip but its configuration file is installed as /jffs/etc/no-ip.conf When running noip, it is thus required to give it the path to its configuration file with the -c command. This can be done like:

/jffs/usr/bin # ./noip -c /jffs/etc/no-ip.conf

/jffs/usr/bin # ./noip -c ../../etc/noip.conf

notice that the first ../ brings us to /jffs/usr/. The second ../ brings us to /jffs/, and then the rest of the path can be appended.


4) While the other examples all showed how to save typing, you can also really screw around with relative paths. To launch the noip command in example 1, you could also use

/jffs/usr/bin # ../../../jffs/./usr/./bin/././../bin/././noip

Here we browse all the way back to the root / directory, then climb back up to /jffs/usr/bin, drop back down to /jffs/usr and then climb back up to /jffs/usr/bin.
Current path references of /./ are thrown in sporadically just to mix things up. Notice how /./ always references the then current path, not the original path of the shell when the command was entered.

管道和重定向

The output of commands can be piped through other commands or redirected to devices and files.

< and > are the redirect operators.   < Takes input from a device or file and routes it as input to the command given.   > Takes output from a command and redirects it as input for a device or file. Ex: If you don't want to see the output of a command, redirect it to the null device:

command > /dev/null

| is the pipe character, and pipes the output through another command (for formatting, etc) Ex: the most common use of the pipe is to limit the output of a command:

command | more

This is extremely useful for commands like nvram show which list some 800-1200 lines. nvram show | more will list the results 1 page at a time.

后台进程

It is possible to run programs in the background (returning you to the command prompt immediately) by terminating your command with the & character. ex:

command &

Make sure you add a space between your command and the ampersand or you will result with a File not found error.

WEB-GUI (http[s]) Special note

The built-in WEB-GUI command line interface (Diagnostics.asp page) allows only about 200 characters max per line.
Special characters such as " or | must be entered after a \
Example, if you want to set a text nvram value:
Instead of

nvram set svqos_svcs="edonkey p2p 0:0 40 | bittorrent p2p 0:0 40 |"

Enter

nvram set svqos_svcs=\"edonkey p2p 0:0 40 \| bittorrent p2p 0:0 40 \|\"

基本命令

<command> -h                 The -h flag almost always provides help on a command. Use it!
ls                           List the contents of the current directory
cd <directory or full path>  Change to that directory or path
cp <source> <destination>    Copy the source file to the destination
cp -r <source> <destination>    Copy the source directory to the destination directory
mv <source> <destination>    Move the source file to the destination
mkdir <directory name>       Create a new directory
wget <URI>                   Download the file at the given URI to the current path
tar -xz -f <file>            un-gzip and un-tar the given *.tgz or *.tar.gz file
rm <file>                    Delete the file
rm -r <directory>            Delete the directory and all contents
killall <program name>       Kill all running processes of the program
ps                           Show running processes
top                          Show running processes in a graphical frontend

更高级的命令

These commands warrant their own wikis:

See also

Script Examples
Sshfs
Startup Scripts
SSH access from internet
Tunnel all traffic over ssh using remote windows machine and Putty

扩展链接

Wikipedia's SSH article
Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial
Telnet/SSH BusyBox Commands
Configuring FTP/Telnet
Increasing number of Telnet sessions allowed